Victorian rugby league

Rugby is one of the biggest international sporting games in the world, and this is the case in Australia in which it is one of the three major football codes that dominate Australian sport. The origin of rugby can be traced back to times in which it was played at the eminent English public schools.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Victorian rugby league specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was introduced in Australia by Tom Wills in 1858 and since then, it has tremendously grown in terms of the number of players and those who love watching the game (ABS 2002, p.31). The game is played primarily during the winter season and the largest percentage of participants lie within the eastern states of Australia. The media plays a vital part in broadcasting the game to a wider audience across the globe; in 2009 alone the game was approximated to have attracted 128.5 million viewers (Davison Lawson 2006, p. 16). The Vi ctorian rugby league is a body in Australia that heads the rugby league sporting activities (Daly 2005, p. 68). Although this league has gained prominence in the country, it is worth noting that this was only possible after splitting from the rugby union. In addition, before 1924, the body comprised of members from other small bodies from different states which included three members from Queensland rugby league, and three from New South Wales rugby league (Davison Lawson 2006, p.17). Rugby League was started when clubs in North England separated from the rugby football union in 1895, creating the two different codes within the one sport (Cortis, Sawrikar Muir 2007, p. 28). The separation was due to disagreement between the working class and the higher socio economic class. The Victorian rugby league gained popularity in 1907, and new codes of the game from other states were imported and embraced in the region (Cortis, Sawrikar Muir 2007, p. 32). In 1924, the Australian rugby lea gue board of control was formed which later transformed to the Australian rugby league (Cameron MacDougall 2000, p. 123). The Australian rugby league is governed by a board which is made up of a partnership committee of six delegates who have the duty of administering all competitions of the league. The head of this body is appointed on a yearly basis. The league has complicated governance- comprising of representatives of the New South Wales rugby league, the Queensland rugby league, the national rugby league and the Australian rugby league. Each of these play a role of contributing ideas that are much needed to run the league (Davison Lawson 2006, p.14).Advertising Looking for case study on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The league aims at supporting rugby in Australia and ensuring that it achieves the maximum potential of participation (Cameron MacDougall 2000, p. 63). It is also aimed at bringing the people in the communities together and aims at working harmoniously as they play the sport. Rugby is a sport that is perceived to be rough and many would refrain from participating due to fear of suffering both emotionally and physically. The league aims at ensuring that the environment surrounding the game is free of harm of players. The Australia rugby league comprises of thirteen part-time clubs which take part in the sport when the season starts in March every year (Cameron MacDougall 2000, p.120)The games are played every weekend till the end of September (Davison Lawson 2006, p.14). In 2008, a total of 423,584 Australians took part in rugby league competitions (Roberts 2008, p.105). Junior registration has seen a major increase in participation. Between the years 1999 and 2008 participation among junior members has grown from 79,000 to 120,667 (Roberts 2008, p.110). In senior groups, participation levels tend to reduce in the higher age groups due to the nature of the game w hich definitely calls for more physical strength and vigor. In terms of gender, the Australian rugby league has witnessed a much higher percentage in participation from men than women. The lack of women participation in the game is due to the masculine nature of the game which puts off the female gender (Daly 2005, p. 68). Although this is the case for the grownups, it is contrary in the case of the junior teams. There are many junior women who participate in this game. This has increased the likeability of the game among females in spite of the seemingly low participation levels especially at national and international tournaments (Cameron MacDougall 2000, p.125). Finances are crucial and will always be needed towards the growth of any organization. This also applies to the Australian rugby league. Most of the financial support for this league is provided by sponsors (Cortis, Sawrikar Muir 2007, p.16) For instance, it has been funded by Telstra and thereafter referred to as the n ational rugby league premiership (Cameron MacDougall 2000, p. 71). There are many other sponsors of the league alongside Telstra which include Toyota. Examples of other sponsors include Powerade who provide the rugby balls and AAMI who caters for the referees (Cortis, Sawrikar Muir 2007, p. 60). The league partners with all these organizations that have similar goals to excel and work together.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Victorian rugby league specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Australia is one of the locations around the globe where rugby league has been powerful and achieved great success (Daly 2005, p.26). By 1980, the league was popular enough at the grass roots level, that it was able to expand to other regions of Australia and spread Rugby league to areas which hadn’t seen Rugby League before (Cameron MacDougall 2000, p. 38). This was due to the rules set that were to be followed by all t he stakeholders- to let the game expand. The league has put in place a process of solving any emerging challenges. There is also a set code of conduct that ensures uniformity and elimination of any mistreatment of the parties involved. Strengths and opportunities Weaknesses and Threats The media saw the potential in the league and more focus was put on its performance by portraying it as an inefficient business but which could be rationalized (Cortis, Sawrikar Muir 2007, p. 28). As a result of consistent focus by the media, it led to attraction of a large number of audience (Cameron MacDougall 2000, p.123). It is also imperative to note that the Australian rugby league has developed convenient ways of communication like the one-stop shop which contains contacts, information and downloads on all the activities of the league (Cortis, Sawrikar Muir 2007, p.12) Organizations like rugby unions are a threat to the league since most of the players move from the league to the union and also provide a close competition to the league. The success of a league in any sport is determined mainly by the players. The Victorian league has many talented players who come from the state and as such, there is a large pool of players who can participate in the teams. Most of them have grown into competent and dependable players across the world. Due to great talents at the disposal of the league, it is easy to constitute the strongest team possible. Just like the players, the league has many fans that strengthen it through their support, and so expansion of the game across Victoria is imperative for the growth of the Victorian rugby league (Cortis, Sawrikar Muir 2007, p. 28). In Australia, the rugby league has played a significant role in ensuring that the game is played by all the members of the community at all age groups. The management of the league has put in place a countrywide training program for rugby players drawn from all levels (Cameron MacDougall 2000, p. 38) The recruitment test is relatively short and quite easy for those joining the team.Advertising Looking for case study on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The media plays a huge part in the promotion of the sport across the state. Television rights and broadcasting at different times at night factor the wider audiences that view the sport. It looms as an opportunity for a television rights deal that has the potential to attract the millions of people across Victoria that would have otherwise not been exposed to Rugby League. The greater opportunity there is for people to view the sport, the greater the interest and support for games and participation, which would ultimately lead to a stronger league – participation wise and financially. There are many indigenous players in the national rugby league which is also one of the main objectives of the league (Daly 2005, p.36). This provides a good opportunity to expand the sport into indigenous regions in Australia, and to promote multi culture mentality and bring communities together. It has been able to address some of the community’s problems such as personal development of the young generation, by providing them with a sport that promotes exercise and allows for the social benefits of kids playing together and making friends with each other. Apart from working with community members, it has close links with some of the local organizations which are benefiting the local community (Davison Lawson 2006, p. 13). The league has promoted peace among states but racism still exists. In the process, there are those players or teams which are discriminated on the basis of their social background. This is a setback to the growth of the league although it is not widespread as it is the case in other sports (ABS 2002, p.12). There are still set objectives of the league which have not been achieved and as such, the league has to come up with guidelines on how the competitive level of the game can be improved (Davison Lawson 2006, p. 24). The governance of the league has been faced by setbacks such as the presence of administrators with state-based interests at t he expense of developing sports. This calls for an independent body which will help in strengthening the league both now and in the future. In spite of the strengths and opportunities highlighted above, there are still weaknesses and threats. For instance, discipline is a crucial element among players in any game and it is equally required in rugby. In the past, most of the Victorian league’s players have been featured in the media for the wrong reasons like lack of discipline. The Victorian league has strong traditions and cultures which compel it to resist changes and improvements that are required in the team from time to time. For example, most of the old players are retained for long not giving the young and innovative players a chance to participate as players. This issue has been a great setback to the league and has threatened its existence and success. Victoria is a state which is dominated by AFL, and by which, the Victorian rugby league is forever resisting the thr eat of losing players at the grass roots level as well as intermediate and professional level to the sporting code. This also looms as an opportunity however, to expand a sport in which Rugby League is a rare opportunity for kids in Victoria to participate a sport which is different. Conclusion and recommendations The Australian rugby league has been a success in achieving many of its goals though there are still setbacks which are impeding its growth. In terms of achievements, the league has been able to eliminate any harassment of stakeholders bearing in mind that the codes of conduct have been revised and have to be adhered to at all levels of participation. On the eradication of racism, it is has been quite a success although more emphasis on better codes of conduct are required. In addition, lack of an independent leadership system is still a setback since leaders’ decisions are based on their interests and not that of the leagues. The competition from other organization s is a threat to the league in the future. The training and performance capability of the team should be improved in order to outwit competition in both local and international matches. Due to competition, players join other organizations in search of favorable conditions. The state of losing players to other organizations can be reduced by creation of better remuneration plans for players. This will curb the challenge of losing players to other competitive leagues and teams across the board. References ABS, 2002, Social Capital and Social Wellbeing, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Sydney. Cameron, M. MacDougall, C 2000, Crime Prevention through Sport and Physical Activity, Australian Institute of Criminology, Sydney. Cortis, N., Sawrikar, P. Muir, K 2007, Participation in sport and recreation by culturally and linguistically diverse women, Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales. Daly, S 2005, Social Capital and the Cultural Sector: Literature Review prepar ed for the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, London School of Economics, London. Davison, K Lawson, C 2006, â€Å"Do attributes in the physical environment influence children’s physical activity?† International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, vol. 3 no.19, pp.1-17. Roberts, M 2008, Great Australian Sporting Moments: Great Australian Sporting Moments, Melbourne University Publishing, Melbourne. This case study on Victorian rugby league was written and submitted by user Damion Rivera to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on GATE Education Programs

Started in the 1970’s, America’s Gifted & Talented programs have been used to enhance the curriculum of students included in either category in order to challenge and strengthen their unique abilities. These students are usually provided a separate class with specialized lessons in all areas and a teacher whom many times holds a special degree, credential, or certificate in gifted education. It is important that the teacher empathize with these students, and understand what the students must sometimes face as "above average" members of their school. One of the earliest programs for gifted and talented students was set up in 1974, at The Old Donation Center, in Virginia Beach. Students scoring within the top 3% of students on an assessment test are referred here to be further challenged. These students are considered gifted and have special teachers and classes to promote development of their talents and minds. Programs like this began to pop up around the nation in the 70’s; however, gifted students were looked down upon by teachers, parents, and peers. Many people considered them to be "freaks" because they were different. They didn’t understand the implications of the terms "gifted" and "talented". Most people simply expected gifted students to act more mature or to be geniuses, even though gifted students are the same as other children in their needs as human beings. Some gifted students were forced to grow up too fast and some simply ignored the fact that they were smarter than others, thus, they were lost in the shuffle. The irony of it all is that gifted-ness seems to run in families and the children of these repressed gifted students are, themselves, gifted. But what exactly is a "gifted" student? Students (elementary & secondary) are given a repertoire of tests. These tests check IQ, psychomotor ability, specific academ... Free Essays on GATE Education Programs Free Essays on GATE Education Programs Started in the 1970’s, America’s Gifted & Talented programs have been used to enhance the curriculum of students included in either category in order to challenge and strengthen their unique abilities. These students are usually provided a separate class with specialized lessons in all areas and a teacher whom many times holds a special degree, credential, or certificate in gifted education. It is important that the teacher empathize with these students, and understand what the students must sometimes face as "above average" members of their school. One of the earliest programs for gifted and talented students was set up in 1974, at The Old Donation Center, in Virginia Beach. Students scoring within the top 3% of students on an assessment test are referred here to be further challenged. These students are considered gifted and have special teachers and classes to promote development of their talents and minds. Programs like this began to pop up around the nation in the 70’s; however, gifted students were looked down upon by teachers, parents, and peers. Many people considered them to be "freaks" because they were different. They didn’t understand the implications of the terms "gifted" and "talented". Most people simply expected gifted students to act more mature or to be geniuses, even though gifted students are the same as other children in their needs as human beings. Some gifted students were forced to grow up too fast and some simply ignored the fact that they were smarter than others, thus, they were lost in the shuffle. The irony of it all is that gifted-ness seems to run in families and the children of these repressed gifted students are, themselves, gifted. But what exactly is a "gifted" student? Students (elementary & secondary) are given a repertoire of tests. These tests check IQ, psychomotor ability, specific academ...

Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing - Research Paper Example For example, the abstract concludes by the statement that qualitative and quantitative differences in the sialylation of superficial glycolipids in CF epithelial cells may contribute to the colonization of CF lung by P.aeruginosa. This creates suspense on the reader and a desire to read more of the article. Introduction: The introduction provides sufficient information concerning the study since it identifies the significance of the study. This is portrayed in last paragraph where Saiman and Prince (1993) identify the purpose of the research as to prove that asioloGM1 is a receptor of P. aeruginosa and it plays a role in increasing the surface of CF respiratory epithelial cells (p. 1875). The introduction outlines the contents of the study, and it identifies various terms used in the study. Terms such as cystic fibrosis trans membrane and pulmonary failure are identified. The major weakness of the introduction is that it doesn’t identify the methods of conducting the study and the problem statement. The purpose of the study is clearly identified in the introduction that is to prove that asioloGM1 is a receptor of P. aeruginosa and it plays a role in the surface increase of CF respiratory epithelial cells. The authors have used the population and the variable of the title in the introduction and the body of the article. For instance, P. aeruginosa has been identified as the basis of the articles research in the introduction (Saiman and Prince, 1993, p.1876), and they give the properties of the medical condition. The authors have succeeded in highlighting how P. aeruginosa affects C.F epithelial cells by increasing their surface. Basing on this, the authors have succeeded in integrating the population and its variable in the text.... The article does not have a section labeled literature review, however, in the introduction part of the paper, the authors have used the term various â€Å"studies† to denote that they have used other sources in coming with the results of the study. A major weakness in this is that they do not mention the studies they are quoting in the introductory part; therefore it is difficult to know the source of their literature review. This article contains clearly labeled theoretical framework section and the framework seems appropriate since no framework from nursing libraries could be located to guide the production of this particular kind of study. From the study, there are three assumptions made by the two authors. The authors have not provided challenges and limitations they encountered while conducting this study. This study has a broad implication for many areas of nursing such as nursing education, administration and practice. In administration, the nursing fraternity should support the conduction of research in areas highlighted by the text, and nurses should be trained on how to deal with the mentioned medical condition. this is a well-structured article, with proper identification of the scope of the conducted research. The authors have partly achieved the objective of their study, which is to prove that asioloGM1 is a receptor of P.aeruginosa. The researchers have also properly used APA citation techniques, and all in text citations are in the references section and due to these facts, I will strongly recommend a colleague to read it.

Estimating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Estimating - Essay Example The accuracy of this method is approximated to be +2.5 or -2.5meters. Another method that can potentially be used is by comparing the picture of the Shrine with an object (in the same picture) whose height is known. For example, we can calculate the number of repeated times through which the Shrines doors can be arranged to reach the bell tower and then multiply our results by the average height of Shrine’s door. An average of 11 doors can fit into the Bells height and each door is approximated to be 3m tall. This means that the approximate height of the Shrines bell= 11 x3=33 meters above the ground. Lastly the height of the Bell can also be estimated using simple Trigonometry. Using a position with a known distance from the Shrine building, the height of the location of the Shrines tower can be calculated as Height=Tan (Angle) x the known distance. The accuracy of this method is often =0.5 or -0.5. In my opinion, trigonometry method is better than the other methods since it has minimal error. The total load exerted by the bell tower can be estimated using the formula Total load= load per floor x the number of stories. Since the bell tower is entirely constructed using concrete, the weight of the walls and floors can be estimated as W= area of floors and walls x average weight per squire meters. The average weight of concrete per cubic meters=2400kg. Each story can be approximated to be 3 x 3 x10= 90m3. there are 8 floors each 3 x 3=72m3. =(90 x6)m3 +

Character & story Essay Example for Free

Character story Essay Character do counts. It is the foundation of our personality; hence, it portrays our inner self, and represents our whole identity. We are judged according to what we represent and what we shows. We are respected based on what we intend to be seen by others. Character do counts; because it is the basis of how we decide and how we pursue life. 2. Being ethical is important because it is a moral obligation which is important not only for ourselves, but for the entire population. We are bound to do things that will not harm every life, therefore, being ethical, is also being a person that is morally respected. 3. First in the â€Å"Six Pillar of Character† of Josephson is trustworthiness. (8) This pertains to one’s credibility through honesty. It is not just important to be honest with the other people, but also to be honest with yourself. To acquire trust form others, trust within oneself should be first recognized by himself. Holding and keeping promises creates a higher level of being trusted and credible. Trustworthiness is a character that summarizes your being as a person. Second is respect. (10) One of the most important character one should have is respect. Respect is usually is not earned but learned rather. â€Å"Learn to respect yourself before someone respects you†, which is true at all times. People will judge you according to what you intend to show them of who and what you are. It is not the question of who will respect you, but it’s how you respect yourself. Third is responsibility. (5) As a person bounded in the realm of the society, we are born with different kinds of responsibility attached to us. Therefore, we have responsibility to our family, in the society and in the country, and into every aspect that we live for. We are also accountable for our actions. It should be remembered that every steps and actions we make, are part of our responsibilities as a person. Fourth is fairness. (7) In a world full of inequality and injustice, we are expected to correct all these mistakes. Fairness in every action reflects what kind of person we are and how we are brought up. Fifth and sixth is caring (10) and citizenship (8). These two pertains to our attitude to a bigger context. It involves the practice of mentioned characters, as this is the application of what we have learned. Responsibility and being fair needs improvement in my part. Learning by internalizing will help improve myself. 4. Decision making is crucial when we do not understand the consequences that would result from a simple action. It is important to recognize the core foundations of a good decision; first is that we have the will and power what we do and what we say, and second is that we have are aware for the responsibility in such actions. To have an ethical and effective decision, there are several components in good choices. By looking in the options seriously, which means analyzing and evaluating first the options, we are close to a good decision. Recognizing important decisions from minor decisions should also be noticed to avoid mixing the level of importance. Good decision also requires discipline. To be able to make right decisions, we have to control ourselves to what we want and to what is right and just for all. Everyone in the cycle should be considered in taking decisions so that to lessen unlikely outcomes. 5. For example, Jake is a self-supporting student ever since he entered college. He survived for the last three and a half of his years in school through scholarships and doing part time jobs. But unfortunately, at his last semester in the school, he was not able to renew his scholarship due to his failing grade in a subject. Without having a scholarship, it will be difficult for him to pursue his studies, but he still has his part time job. Given these facts, he has to work double or trice to fully support his self; therefore, he needs to decrease the units that he will register on the coming semester to give way to his job. BUT, he is a graduating student on that semester. In doing so, he will be delayed in his graduation. The question is whether he should work full time or to register but to suffer the consequences, since he is financially unstable. Applying the Seven-Step Path to Better Decisions, Jake should first a lot several days for himself to think and make realizations. This will prevent rash decisions and late regrets. Then after that, Jake has to clarify what are his primary goals and objectives. Through this, it will be clear to what path he should be. After that, he should be able to recognize the facts that exist, like the fact of his financial instability. Right after that, he should think another ways and options depending on his primary goal. If it’s his graduation, then, he should think for another scholarship. Fifth, is to consider options. This should be filtered according to six pillars of characters. He has to do what he think is right for himself and for everybody. Sixth is to choose the best possible option. He should can for the advice of his friends or family so that the decision would not be bias to his self. Last is to monitor and modify, which means, still, evaluate the decision he have made. 6. Its all for a good cause. Good example of this is cheating in a basketball game; hurting opponents to win the championship for the benefit of the school. At the end, its still for the â€Å"goodness of everyone† as stated. It’s just part of the job. Basketballintentionally pushing an opponent to get the ball. If its necessary, its ethical! Volleyball. Just to gain the fame and fund of the school, they have to win the game. On its last serve, its against your side; the opponent has successfully reached your court, but you’re the only one to see if its in! And since it’s necessary, you just claimed that it is out! 7. Its when I chose not to speak when my teacher in my grade school subject about the cheating arrangement of my classmates during our exam. It so happen that they are also my friends that’s why I didn’t mentioned a single thing. As a result, my name became involved that resulted to suspension for three days. 8. It’s when I decided to join a volunteer group before to deliver goods in an area affected by a calamity, and that the same day, I have a class to attend to, which I didn’t. As a result, I was overwhelmed by the response of the people on that particular area, and became one of my most treasured moments. 9. Happiness is simply doing what you most wanted, not only on a single benefit, but for all you love. It is achieving the core of wants and what you love. Happiness for your self is incomparable to the happiness that you will feel when you can see that this happiness is not just meant for your self, but rather being happy for someone. I want to be a person that sees happiness as the primary objective in the cycle of human emotions; a person that will be happy for someone in no matter what.

Leadership Essay -- essays research papers

A leader can be a manager, but a manager is not necessarily a leader. The leader of the work group may emerge informally as the choice of the group. If a manager is able to influence people to achieve the goals of the organization, without using his or her formal authority to do so, then the manager is demonstrating leadership (Allen, 1998). Great organizations are managed by people who have the necessary skills and attributes which allow them to connect with the organization and the people involved in the company. Managers must meet the many demands of performing their functions; managers assume multiple roles which include being a figurehead, leader, liaison, monitor, disseminator, spokesperson, entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. Managers set and achieve the organizations goals by planning, organizing, controlling and leading. A manger can assume or delegate portions of authority to lead employees and achieve goals. Being a leader is not the same as managing an organization. Leader’s posses the interpersonal skills needed to influence others to achieve a goal willingly. Leading is a major part of a manager’s job. Leaders do not need to be a manager to lead people, but managers must know how to lead as well as manage. Leaders also have the ability to inspire, motivate, change attitudes and influence others to achieve goals. Managers have the ability to fire employees if they do not accomplish what needs to be done. The authority given t...

Pricing Decision Essay

Companies in their endeavor to succeed in the highly competitive and dynamic market are now considering a clear focus on their marketing strategies. This is in order that they may remain relevant in the fast changing business environment, market conditions and consumer preferences. It is important that a company considers the effects of the changes in the business environment including price variations initiated by its competitors This is best done by first analyzing the prices offered by the competitors visa vie the company’s cost structure and the competitor’s chances to change in response to the company’s new price offers (Kotler 2003. p 66). Pricing Strategies The company needs to figure out the best strategy to implement in order to achieve the optimum prices for its products. To initiate cost-cutting with a view to improve on the profitability of the company the company must have an understanding of the type of cost that it needs to manage. This will be to a large extent influenced by its style of management, sources of professional advice, the broader vision of the company’s goals, communication strategy, and company’s capitalization in relation to debt-equity ratio and the cost of borrowing (Sherman 2007. p 3-4). The company also needs to understand the several types of costs that it incurs. The various types of costs are research and development costs, the overheads and administrative costs, human capital costs including health care costs, salaries and employee benefits, infrastructure and system costs, advertising and promotional costs, fixed and variable costs, and debt-servicing costs. The bottom line is to thoroughly examine each of these cost categories and weigh their importance to the company’s business operations, consider more efficient available alternatives, and the possible implications of the cost reduction strategy (Sherman 2007. p5 &9). A company such as Wal-Mart that has for years been ahead of its competitors by offering the lowest prices for its goods. Wal-Mart is able to manage favorable price cuts by implementing price cut strategies such as endeavoring to reduce its costs by pursuing a tax reduction strategy. This has been through its investments in Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in order to exploit tax loopholes and avoid some of the taxes levied in particular states (Moore 2007. p. 2). Having accomplished the above cost reduction strategy, the company may the come up with appropriate pricing for its products. This is done by first understanding pricing methods. There are six pricing methods that would lead to an informed decision in fixing prices. These are markup pricing method, the target return pricing method, perceived value method of pricing, value based pricing, the going-rate method of pricing and the sealed-bid method of pricing (Kotler 2003. p 66). Implications of Price Cuts and Conclusion The price of the product or service is a major factor that influences customer’s purchase decision is the marketing mix. A combination of the cost reduction strategy and an appropriate pricing strategy is more likely to benefit the company and enable it attain a competitive advantage over its competitors. By adopting market responsive cost cutting strategies in the communication industry, companies in turn helped create a better way of life whereby customers are now able to communicate more often and at lower prices Salazar 2007. p. 1). This translates to increased profits to the service providers as they are able to sell more units than before. References Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing Management. 11th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Moore, M. (2007). Taxing Strategies: Always Cutting Prices, Wal-Mart Attempts to Rollback Taxes. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from http://walmartwatch. com/img/blog/NIMSP_tax_strategies. pdf Salazar, L. C. Cost Cutting Strategies at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from http://www. lirneasia. net/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/2-lcs-shoestrings-sing-28feb07. pps Sherman, A. J. (2007). Strategies for Cutting Costs and Improving Profitability. Retrieved March 8, 2009 from http://www. sbecouncil. org/uploads/PPT%20Cost%20Cutting%20for%20Growth%20and%20Profitability. ppt